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AP World History: Summer Assignment 2015-1026 Part 1: A History of the World in 6 Glasses
Terms: 1. ertile ertile !res'ent: !res'ent: #Pg. 11$ 11$ 1%$ &'( )egion )egion that stret'hes stret'hes from modern modern day day *gy+t$ u+ to the ,editerranean 'oast to the southeast 'orner of urey and do/n to the order et/een ra and ran. 3eer /as dis'o4ered and its 'onsum+tion had e'ome so'ially and ritually im+ortant during the eolithi' +eriod from the sur+lus of grain. he ertile !res'ent is signi'ant e'ause sin'e it had the est 'limati' 'onditions from grain 'ulti4ations$ 'ulti4ations$ that /as /here farming egin$ /here the earliest 'i4ili7ation arose$ /here /riting rst emerge$ and /here eer /as most aundant. 2. !hi'ha: #Pg.1'( #Pg.1'( An n'a eer o8ered o8ered to the rising sun sun in a golden 'u+ 'u+ as an o8ering to the gods of the *arth. 3eer /as a gift from the gods or a logi'al thing to +resent as a religious o8ering so it /as used in religious 'eremonies$ agri'ultural agri'ultural fertility rites$ and funerals y Sumerians and *gy+tians. he !hi'ha /as signi'ant e'ause it ser4ed as an e9am+le of a religious 'ommon eer-drining 'ulture /hether in the Ameri'as$ Afri'a$ or *urasia. &. Storehouses: Storehouses: #Pg.22$2&$&1( #Pg.22$2&$&1( *laorated and 'ommunal 'ommunal tem+le or 7iggurats$ uilt on raised$ ste++ed +latforms /here 4aluale items /ere e+t in'luding sa'red oe'ts and stores of sur+lus food. 3a++ir or read eer /as used y ,eso+otamian re/ers re/ers to 'ontrol the taste and 'olor of the eer as for the unlea4ened read 'ould e store for years. Storehouses /ere signi'ant e'ause as it ser4ed as a /ay to store ra/ material for maing eer and as for food as ritual and religious a'ti4ity in /hi'h the gods /ere 'alled to ensure good har4est. ;.s asso'iation /ith a settle$ orderly lifestyle 'om+ared to the ha+ha7ard e9isten'e of hunter-gatherers. 5. Sumer: #Pg.26( #Pg.26( )egion )egion in southern ,eso+otamia /here /here /riting /riting rst rst egan to emerge around &;00 3.!.*. 3eer history /as re'orded and made it seen as a hallmar of 'i4ili7ation y the ,eso+otamians +arti'ularly +arti'ularly in a +assage from the *+i' of Gilgamesh. Sumer /as signi'ant e'ause it /as the rst ,eso+otamian 'i4ili7ation and /as res+onsile for /riting system and starting the late 3ron7e Age. 6. *+i' of Gilgamesh: Gilgamesh: #Pg.26( #Pg.26( World>s World>s rst rst great literary /or /or aout Gilgamesh Gilgamesh life story /hi'h /as elaorated into a myth y the Sumerians and their regional su'essors the Aadians and 3aylonians. 3eer and read 'onsum+tion of *nidu>s or Gilgamesh friend made ,eso+otamians thin that
eer /as one of the things that distinguished distinguished them from sa4ages and made them humans. he *+i' of Gilgamesh /as signi'ant e'ause %. ?iggurat: #Pg.&1( #Pg.&1( *laorated *laorated tem+les tem+les uilt uilt on raised and and stee+ed stee+ed +latforms. +latforms. 3e'ause of the in4ention of /riting to re'ord the 'olle'tion of grain$ eer$ read$ and other goods this elaorated system ga4e the tem+le dire't 'ontrol o4er mu'h of the e'onomy. ?iggurats /ere signi'ant e'ause they /ere the ey of rising the un+redi'tale nature of the ,eso+otamian en4ironment. @. ,eso+otamian 'ity-states: ,eso+otamia had many im+ortant im+ortant and large histori'ally 'ities su'h ass 'hara'ter. 1&. )oman )oman 4illas: A )oman 'ountry house uilt for the u++er 'lass during the )oman re+uli' and the )oman *m+ire. 1;. 3attle 3attle of ours #Pg.@6-@@( 3attle in 'entral ran'e /here Ara troo+s /ar defeated y !harles ,artel. Wine 'ulture remained reasonaly inta't in !hristian *uro+e ut some drining +atterns 'hange dramati'ally /hi'h made 'aused the rise of slam$ /hi'h ,uhammad>s +ros'ri+tion of al'ohol follo/ed a ght et/een t/o of his dis'i+les. his 'aused many to an al'ohol /ines
main role in the ri4al 'reed of !hristianity also +redis+osed ,uslims against it. t /as signi'ant e'ause it /as one of the turning +oints in /orld history /hi'h mared the high-/ater mar of Aras inDuen'e in *uro+e. 15. !harles !harles ,artel #Pg.@@( ,ost !harismati' of the +rin'es of the ranish Bingdom /ho defeated the ,uslims in the 3attle of ours$ allo/ing !hristianity to sur4i4e e9'e+t of Ara. t /as signi'ant e'ause it hel+ the 'ountry from eing inDuen'e to Aras 'ulture and thining /hi'h made it /hat it is today. 16.!ordoa 16. !ordoa #Pg.'&-';( Fhe e/el of the /orld !a+ital of Ara Andalusia in /hat is no/ southern S+ain and /as one of the est 'enters of learning /ithin the Ara /orld$ ran'e$ Asia and ndia. he S'holars from their /ith other oined for'es and among their a'hie4ements they +o+ulari7ed a te'hniue that rose the ne/ rage of drins 'alled distillation. distillation. t /as signi'ant e'ause it e'ame one of the as+e'ts of the an'ient /isdom that /as +reser4ed and e9tended y Ara s'holars and translated from Arai' into Iatin hel+ed re4i4e the s+irit of learning in Western *uro+e. 1%.Aua 4itae #Pg.'@-101( Water of Iife - Aua 4itae seemed su+ernatural$ and in a sense it /as$ for distilled /ine has a far higher al'ohol 'ontent than any drin that 'an e +rodu'ed y natural fermentation. Also de'lared y Jan element ne/ly re4ealed to men ut hid from antiuity$ e'ause e'ause the human ra'e /as then too young to need this e4erage destined to re4i4e the energies of modern de're+itude.J# elie4ed it 'ould +reser4e youth im+ro4e memory treat diseases of the rain$ ner4es and oints re4i4e the heart 'alm tootha'he 'ure lindness$ s+ee'h defe'ts$ and +aralysis and e4en +rote't against the +lague( 1@.CasheeKi7y 1@. CasheeKi7y #Pg.105( Al'ohol mostly used as a gift efore eginning negotiations /ith Afri'an traders. Afri'ans in di8erent regions dran al'oholi' drins lie +lain /ine or eer ut it im+orted from *uro+e /as in the /ord of one trader. CasheeKi7y /as signi'ant e'ause drining im+orted al'ohol e'ame a mar of distin'tion among Afri'an sla4es and the ey of negotiations /ith Afri'an traders. 1'.1%%& 1'. 1%%& ,olasses A't #Pg.11%-11'( A't of 3rittan that im+osed ta9 on im+orts of molasses from non-3ritish 'olonies. What all started this /as rum e'ause it +lay a great role in relation /ith the Ameri'an )e4olution. A 'ountries argued o4er the A't +assed y 3ritain /hi'h made it diL'ult for other 'ountries nan'ially to im+ort rum. 20.Sugar 20. Sugar A't #Pg.( A't +assed y 3ritain in 1%6; /hi'h allo/ed the im+orts of other 'olonies molasses of si9 +en'e for gallon to three in order for +eo+le not to ring it illegally. Also /as related to rum after the ,olasses A't this a't /as signi'ant ust as many other a'ts /ere +assed /hi'h rought to the outrea of the )e4olutionary /ar. 21.Su slam #Pg.1&%( as /ith the legends asso'iated /ith the dis'o4ery of eer$ these tales may 'ontain a grain of truth$ for the 'ustom of drining 'o8ee seems to ha4e rst e'ome +o+ular in Memen in the mid-fteenth 'entury. While 'o8ee erries may ha4e een 'he/ed for their in4igorating e8e'ts
efore this date$ the +ra'ti'e of maing them into a drin seems to e a Memeni Memeni inno4ation$ inno4ation$ often attriuted attriuted to ,uhammad ,uhammad al-Chahani$ a s'holar and and a memer of the mysti'al Su order of slam$ /ho died around 1;%0. 22.Cut'h *ast ndia !o. #Pg.1;6-1;%( n the 16'0s 'o8ee +lantations /ere estalished y Here at 3ata4ia in Na4a$ an island 'olony in /hat is no/ ndonesia. Na4a 'o8ee later /as ale to e shi++ed dire'tly to )otterdam and it granted the Cut'h 'ontrol of the 'o8ee maret. Araian 'o8ee /as unale to 'om+ete on +ri'e e4en though 'onnoisseurs thought its Da4or /as su+erior. t /as signi'ant e'ause the Cut'h had demonstrated that 'o8ee 'an gro/ in a similar 'limate of sugar /hi'h suggested sho/ed that it 'an gro/ as /ell in the West ndies as it did in the *ast ndies 2&.Prin'i+ia #Pg.161( ,athemati'al +rin'i+les of natural +hiloso+hy. With this idea e/ton +ro4ided a ne/ foundation for the +hysi'al s'ien'es to re+la'e dis'redited theories of the Gree and for his dis'ussion he used 'o8eehouses. 2;.Wealth of ations #Pg.165( inan'ial inan'ial eui4alent to Prin'i+ia /ritten y the S'ottish e'onomist Adam smith. t des'ried and 'ham+ioned the emerging do'trine of laisse7-faire 'a+italism a'ording to /hi'h the est /ay for go4ernment to en'ourage trade /as to lea4e +eo+le to their o/n 'hoi'es. Iondon 'o8eehouses /ere a ey to the s'ienti' and nan'ial re4olution that sha+ed the modern /orld. 25.Ooltaire #Pg.16616@( Philoso+her and satirist /ho e9tended the ne/ rationalism into so'ial and +oliti'al s+heres. =8ended a nole man and /ent to +rison and then /rote a oo /as anned e'ause he 'om+ared ren'h system of go4ernment to the *nglish. He also had a fa4orite tale and 'hair at the Pro'o+e and a re+utation for drining do7ens of 'u+s of 'o8ee. n 'o8eehouses /ere lled /ith go4ernment s+ies so they had to e 'areful to tal. 26.*n'y'lo+edi'Kdia : #Pg.165--16%( 'ame to e seen as the deniti4e summary of *nlightenment thining. t +romoted a rational$ se'ular 4ie/ of the /orld founded on s'ienti' determinism$ determinism$ denoun'ed e'lesiasti'al and legal auses of +o/er$ and infuriated the religious authorities$ /ho su'essfully loied for it$ too$ to e anned. As in Iondon$ the 'o8eehouses of Paris /ere meeting +la'es for intelle'tuals and e'ame 'enters of *nlightenment thought. thought. Ciderot a'tually 'om+iled the *n'y'lo+edi' in a Paris 'o8eehouse$ the !afe de la )egen'e$ /hi'h he used as his oL'e. 2%.!hangan 2%. !hangan : #Pg.1%'( !a+ital of !hina #61@-'0% !*( modern Qian>s$ /as the greatest metro+olis on *arth and /as home to around t/o million +eo+le. t /as one of the +la'es /ere tea s+read in !hina and e'ame the national e4erage during ang Cynasty or the golden age in !hinese History. !ity /as a 'ultural magnet and /as +arti'ularly o+en to outside inDuen'ed. 2@. Iu Iu Mu #Pg.1@0-1@1( !elerated aoist Poet /hi'h made teas +o+ularity in'rease due to his oo he !lassi' of ea. He des'ried the merits of the 4arious inds of lea4es$ sort of /ater to use and numered the oiling ste+s.
ransfor ransformed med tea from a mere thirst-uen'hing thirst-uen'hing drin to a symol symol of 'ulture 'ulture and so+histi'ation. 2'. !elestial !elestial *m+ire #+g.1@;1@%( Way !hinese regarded their 'ountry as and /as assumed to e lo'ated at the 'enter of the uni4erse. o one 'ould 'om+ete /ith its 'ultural and intelle'tual a'hie4ements until later in 16&0>s tea rea'hed ran'e$ and *ngland in 1650>s .his inDuen'e other *uro+ean 'ountries to lie the tea /hi'h ultimately 3ritain /as the one to emerge as the most tea-lo4ing *uro+ean *uro+ean nation /ith momentous histori'al 'onseuen'es. &0.)i'hard Ar/right #Pg.( A 3ritish in4entor that egan the 'onstru'tion of a large uilding at !romford in Ceryshire. n 1%6% he egan de4elo+ing a s+inning frame and y 1%6@ his rst s+inning mill. ts su'ess made him a +i4otal gure in the re4olution that turned 3ritain into the /orldEs rst industriali7ed industriali7ed nation. he +o+ularity of tea also stimulated 'ommer'e y oosting the demand for 'ro'ery and ringing into eing a Dourishing ne/ industry. =/nershi+ of a ne tea ser4i'e /as of great so'ial im+ortan'e for ri'h and +oor alie. &1. ea ea A't of 1%%& #Pg.12020;( Passed y 3ritain that ga4e them 'ontrol on tea sales on the Ameri'an 'olonies and ta9es. ta9es. As said on the name tea /as the ey of this a't e'ause it /as asso'iated /ith the start of the re4olution. An im+ortant e4ent a'ording to the start /ould e the three shi+load of tea that /ere dum+ed into the 3oston Haror to +rotest to the ne/ ta9 rules. &2.Iin &2. Iin 7e-Su #Pg.210-211( !ommissioned that /as send y the !hinese em+eror to sto+ the trade of im+orts of tea and other on'e and for all ut sin'e he /as ignored he de'ided to tae a'tion. Son Iins men set re to the sto's of o+ium$ urning an entire year of su++ly. He /as treated so he arrested !hinese and 3ritish and after a 3ritish murder a !hinese and many other e4ents ha++ened /ar /as de'lared. he =+ium War #1@&'-;2(. &&.ndian ,utiny #Pg.21'( a /ides+read u+rising against 'om+any rule that /as triggered y the re4olt of the 3engal army in 1@5% /hi'h +rom+ted the 3ritish go4ernment to tae dire't 'ontrol of ndia. he rise of ndian>s tea industry ga4e a de4astating im+a't at sho/ed elo/ /hi'h des'ended into a 'haoti' +eriod of reellions and resolutions.
Reading Questions: Beer: 1. Ho/ is the the dis'o4ery of eer lined to the gro/th gro/th of the the rst 'i4ili7ationsR 'i4ili7ationsR #Pg. 10 21( =n'e eer /as dis'o4ered it e'ame so'ially and ritually im+ortant to hunter-gatherers e'ause in order to ensure the aility of grains and another resour'e so they 'hanged into farming. 3eer /as the maeu+ of the food that /as de'reasing or not a4ailale$ also /as a form of safe liuid food$ and e'ame 'entral to so'ial$ religious$ and nomadi' life and /as the sta+le
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e4erage. he drin that rst hel+ed humanity along the +ath to the modern /orld. What is the 'onne'tion 'onne'tion et/een et/een the dis'o4ery of eer and the eolithi' )e4olution #eginnings of agri'ulture(R #Pg.21( 3eer drining /ould ha4e assisted the transition to farming in a more sutle /ay. 3e'ause long-term storage of eer /as diL'ult and 'om+lete fermentation too too long most eer /ould ha4e een drun mu'h more /hile still fermenting. fermenting. Ho/ did ,eso+otamian geogra+hy sha+e its its +eo+le +eo+le 4ie/ of the godsR #Pg.1@#Pg.1@1'( o eolithi' driner>s eerEs aility to into9i'ate and indu'e a state of altered 'ons'iousness seemed magi'al. Also did the mysterious +ro'ess of fermentation$ /hi'h transformed ordinary gruel into eer. he o4ious 'on'lusion /as that eer /as a gift from the gods a'ordingly$ many 'ultures ha4e myths that e9+lain ho/ the gods in4ented eer and then sho/ed humanind ho/ to mae it. Ho/ did eer 'i4ili7e 'i4ili7e man$ a'ording a'ording to StandageR #3eginning( He thought thought that it really did 'hange the /orld$ he had the gra'e to tae oth the title and the story in a ne/ dire'tion and 'i4ili7ed man y 'hanging into the farming mode. 3eer also started a di8erent ne/ style of life to men and their en4ironment. Ho/ did the *gy+tian *gy+tian attitude attitude to/ard to/ard eer di8er from from that of ,eso+otamiaR ,eso+otamiaR #Pg.2@-2'( *gy+t 'redits eer /ith sa4ing humanind from destru'tion. )a the god of the sun +re+ared a 4ast of amount of eer so that +eo+le /ould ee+ on /orshi+ him. =n the 'ontra'ts ,eso+otamia rela9ed attitude to/ards into9i'ation ho/e4er a strong disa++ro4al of drunenness /as e9+ressed in the +ra'ti'e te9ts. Who uilt uilt the an'ient +yramids of *gy+t and ho/ /ere they +aidR +aidR What enet did the +yramids and their 'onstru'tion ring to *gy+tian so'ietyR #Pg.&6-&%( Pyramids /ere uilt y state em+loyees and army sla4es /ho /ere +aid in eer that /as a ration for a laor /as three or four loa4es of read and t/o ugs 'ontaining 'ontaining aout four four liters. he he enet of the +yramids +yramids and their their 'onstru'tion e'ause it uilt a sense of national unity$ demonstrated /ealth and +o/er of the state and +ro4ided a usti'ation for ta9ation also religious usage.
Wine: 1. Ho/ did the the de4elo+ment of large large states and and em+ires em+ires +romote +romote /ine as a drin of 'hoi'eR#Pg.;&;;( With the great feast for the +o+ulated ne/ 'a+ital
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Ashurnasinal$ the ne/ ing rought many food as /ell as /ine lie no one 'ould ha4e imagine in ,eso+otamia. his is the 'ause of a +romotion of /ine. What role role did the Gree Gree geogra+hy geogra+hy +lay in its e'onomi' de4elo+ment de4elo+ment and and tradeR#Pg.;%( 3e'ause Gree'e /as surrounded y odies of /ater it /as great for them for trading gods /ith other 'ountries. he o'ean /as a great /ay of trans+ortation that in'reased their e'onomy. Ho/ /as /ine used y Grees Grees and ho/ ho/ did it de4elo+ into a symol of of statusR #Pg.;5;6( 3e'ause it /as more e9+ensi4e to trans+ort than eer meaning only the elite 'ould a8ord to drin it and its main use /as religious its s'ar'ity and high +ri'e made it /orthy for 'onsum+tion y the gods. What /as PlatoEs 4ie/ 4ie/ of demo'ra'yR Ho/ did PlatoEs sym+osium sym+osium di8er di8er from from othersR #Pg.62( Plato elie4ed that /ine +ro4ided a good /ay to test a man>s 'hara'ter and a'ording to demo'ra'y he thought +eo+le /ere not 'a+ale enough to mae their o/n de'isions. An e9am+le /ould e Plato>s sym+osium in /hi'h he dis'usses the sue't of lo4e and drining /ine until falling aslee+. Ho/ /as /ine im+ortant im+ortant in the transmission of Gree Gree 'ulture 'ulture throughout throughout the ,editerranean ,editerranean and AsiaR #Pg.;@( n the eastern ,editerranean ,editerranean 4ines 4ines /ere 'ulti4ated and /ere introdu'ed rather than al/ays een +resent and /as a'no/ledge later on Gree myths. !om+ !om+ar are e the the )om )oman an convivium to the Gree sym+osium. #Pg.%%-%@( he 'aliration 'aliration of /ine /ith /ith status that that driners driners at a )oman )oman anuet$ or 'on4i4ium$ /ould e ser4ed di8erent /ines de+ending on their +ositions in so'iety. his /as ust one of the many /ays in /hi'h the 'on4i4ium di8ered from its Gree +rototy+e$ the sym+osion. Where the sym+osion /as$ at least in theory$ a forum in /hi'h the +arti'i+ants dran as euals from a shared rater$ +ursuing +leasure and +erha+s +hiloso+hi'al enlightenment$ the 'on4i4ium /as an o++ortunity to em+hasi7e so'ial di4isions$ not to set them aside in a tem+orary al'oholi' ha7e. !om+are the a'e+tan'e a'e+tan'e of /ine /ine in !hristianity !hristianity to the slami' 4ie/ of s+iritsR s+iritsR #Pg.@;-@@( Another fa'tor in maintaining the /ine-drining 'ulture /as its 'lose asso'iation /ith !hristianity$ !hristianity$ the rise of /hi'h during the rst millennium ele4ated /ine to a +osition of utmost symoli' signi'an'e. !hristian 'hur'hEs need for 'ommunion /ine +layed an im+ortant role in ee+ing /ine +rodu'tion going during the dar ages after the fall of )ome. With the rise of slam$ +o/er shifted a/ay from the +eo+les of the ,editerranean 'oast and to/ard the desert tries of Araia. hese tries e9+ressed their su+eriority o4er the +re4ious elites y re+la'ing re+la'ing /heeled 4ehi'les /ith 'amels$ 'hairs and tales /ith 'ushions$ and y anning the 'onsum+tion of /ine$ that most +otent symol of so+histi'ation so+histi'ation
S+irits: 1. What is is the origin of distilled distilled s+iritsR #Pg. ';$'5( ';$'5( he distilled distilled s+irits /ere originally 'reated y one of the a'hie4ements s'holars 'reated and then it /as im+ro4ed y Ara s'ientist distilled /ine and other sustan'es for use in their e9+eriments or as medi'ine. 2. *9+lain the 'onne'tion et/een s+irits$ s+irits$ sla4es$ sla4es$ and sugar sugar.. #Pg.101-10;( #Pg.101-10;( he emerge of the ne/ distilled drins ha++ened ust as *uro+ean e9+lores /ere rst o+ening u+ the /orlds sea routes and this +ro'ess 'oloni7ation /as dis'o4ered .With Aras ne/ te'hnology or distilled s+irits e'ame useful e'ause it /as more 'om+a't and less liely to s+oil than other al'oholi' drins .Also many of the ne/ 'olonies gre/ 'ane sugars and /ith that it /ould also e ale to distilled it to mae al'ohol. And a'ording to sla4e Afri'an traders /ho sold sla4es /ere +aid y s+irits. &. Why did s+irits e'ome an im+ortant sta+le in 'olonial Ameri'aR #Pg.112-115( #Pg.112-115( *nglish ho+ed that /hen the Ameri'an 'olonies /ere estalished /ould e ale to su++ly ut it turn out that there /as no resour'e of al'ohol and the only thing left they had /as /ater. So e'ause the im+ort of eer of eer /as diL'ult the settlers tried to mae their o/n. After then the dis'o4ery of rum it them e'ame the fa4orite drin e'ause later e'ame 'hea+. ;. What role role did rum +lay +lay in the Ameri'an Ameri'an )e4olutionR )e4olutionR #Pg.116-11'( e/ *ngland distillers started im+orting molasses from the ren'h sin'e it had anned the manufa'ture if rum and /as at a lo/ +ri'e ut the 3ritish /eren>t ha++y. hey 'alled for go4ernment inter4ention and the ,olasses A't /as +assed or the ta9 of molasses /hi'h rought rought u+ the 'ost of rum and many /ere angry. his set an e9am+le for the reaing of 3ritish ta9 a'ts. 5. Why did /hisey /hisey su++lant rum in the the /estern /estern 'olonial regions of Ameri'aR #Pg.121( =ne reason /as that many of the settlers /ere of S'ot'h-rish origin and e9+erien'ed grain distilling. And it 'ould e made of almost any/here and did not de+end on im+orted ingredients that 'ould e ta9ed or lo'aded. 6. What /ere /ere the 'auses 'auses and and e8e'ts e8e'ts of the Whis Whisey ey )eell )eellionR ionR
!o8ee: 1. Ho/ did Aras Aras 'ome 'ome to dominate dominate the 'o8ee 'o8ee industryR industryR #Pg.1;6 #Pg.1;6(( !o8ee /as /as shi++ed$ on o'asion$ dire'tly from ,o'ha y the Cut'h. 3ut as 'o8eeEs +o+ularity gre/$ *uro+ean 'ountries egan to /orry aout their de+enden'y on this foreign +rodu't and set aout estalishing their o/n su++lies. he
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Aras understandaly understandaly did e4erything they 'ould to +rote't their 'ontrol of 'o8ee. !o8ee eans /ere treated efore eing shi++ed to ensure they /ere sterile and 'ould not e used to seed ne/ 'o8ee +lants foreigners /ere e9'luded from 'o8ee +rodu'ing areas. Why did 'o8ee 'ome to e +referr +referred ed o4er o4er al'oholi' al'oholi' e4eragesR !o8ee maes maes the driner more alert and more +rodu'ti4e. t shar+ens the mind and fo'uses the driner and al'ohol does the o++osite. Why /as it im+ortant im+ortant to *uro+eEs *uro+eEs de4elo+ment that many *uro+eans *uro+eans 'hose 'hose 'o8ee o4er al'ohol as their fa4ored e4erage of 'onsum+tionR !o8ee s+read ui'ly throughout *uro+e and it +ro4ed to e mu'h 'hea+er than the ingredients for al'ohol. Ho/ did 'o8ee +lay +lay a +i4otal +i4otal role role in the s'ienti' s'ienti' re4olutionR re4olutionR #Pg.151-165( !o8ee houses e'ame a /ay of 'ommuni'ating in an informal intelle'tual intelle'tual 'on4ersation. At 'o8ee houses s'ientists 'ould dis'uss and re'ei4ed feeda' on ideas. Ie'tures /ere also sometimes held at 'o8ee houses. Ho/ did 'o8ee 'o8ee +lay a +i4otal +i4otal role in the nan'ial nan'ial re4olu re4olution tionR R #Pg.165( #Pg.165( Starting rst /ith the sto's that /ere traded in the royal e9'hange ut the go4ernment +assed la/s +la'ing limits on the trades. Some to +rotest /ent to neary 'o8ee houses /hi'h led to the 'reation of the Iondon Sto' *9'hange. Ho/ did 'o8ee 'o8ee +lay a +i4otal role role in the *nlightenment *nlightenment and the the ren'h ren'h )e4olutionR #Pg.1%0-1%1(
!o8ee houses e'ame meeting 'enters for +eo+le to reunite. he ren'h go4ernment lo'ed the media and for'ed harsh restri'tions on the +eo+le. !o8ee houses /ere one of the fe/ +la'es /here +eo+le 'ould freely dis'uss trends and to+i's. As the nan'ial 'risis /orsened many re4olutionary s+eaers started to s+ea at 'o8ee houses to others. After a failed 'on4ention a la/yer su'essfully gathered a 'ro/d to arms$ and started the re4olution.
ea: ea: 1. Ho/ did tea tea transform transform !hinese so'ietyR #Pg.1@0-1@@( #Pg.1@0-1@@( /ith /ith the hel+ of Iu Mu Mu teas +o+ularity /as ale to e9+and and mae other 'ountries to trade /ith 'hina. t ga4e them the aility to trade ut also to transform the tea drin to a symol of 'ulture and so+histi'ation. Ied to the tradition of +resenting s+e'ial triute teas to the em+eror e4ery day. 2. What /ere /ere !hinaEs maor e9+orts during during the ang CynastyR #Pg.1%'( #Pg.1%'( !hina e9+orted sil$ tea$ +a+er$ and 'erami's in return. Amid this di4erse$ dynami'$ and 'osmo+olitan atmos+here$ !hinese s'ul+ture$ +ainting$ and +oetry Dourished. he +ros+erity of the +eriod and the surge in +o+ulation /ere hel+ed along y the /ides+read ado+tion of the 'ustom of drining tea
&. What t/o fa'tors made made tea a +o+ular +o+ular drin drin in *nglandR *nglandR ea /as mostly mostly 'onsume y im+ortant men at tea +arties and gardens. Also as a ne/ +rodu't from o4erseas rought rought my men gi4ing them the status. ;. Ho/ /as tea an integral integral +art +art of the ndustrial ndustrial )e4olutionR )e4olutionR #Pg.1'@-202( #Pg.1'@-202( ea /as the ideal drin for the fa'tory /or and it 'ontained 'a8eine$ /hi'h e+t the driner alert. Also it had antiioti' +ro+erties /hi'h redu'ed /aterorne disease and infant mortality. With the hel+ of )i'ard Ar/right for in4enting a s+inning mill and many other for tea +rodu'tions maing it easier to e9+ort. 5. What /as the 'onne'tion 'onne'tion et/een et/een tea and +oliti'sR +oliti'sR #Pg.1@%( #Pg.1@%( he 3ritish *ast ndia !om+any$ /hi'h /as a maor su++lier of tea$ used its /ealth and +o/er to loy for ne/ go4ernment +oli'y 6. What role role did the the 3ritish *ast ndia ndia !om+any +lay +lay in /orld /orld historyR historyR #Pg.1'2( When the 'om+any estalished trading +ost in !hina in the early 1@ th 'entury and egan dire't im+orts of tea and 4olumes in'reased and +ri'es fall /hi'h made tea a4ailale to a /ider +uli'. As result 'ontrol of the tea trade from other *uro+ean 'ountries /ere anned and at the end many 'ountries illegally mo4ed it in the 'ountry /hi'h turn into many /ars. At the end the Cut'h stood et/een 3ritain and too total dominan'e of the *ast ndies trade. %. Ho/ /as tea tea 'onne'ted 'onne'ted to the o+ium$ o+ium$ trade trade and the =+ium =+ium /ar of 1@&'1@&'1@;2R #Pg.211( o o +ay for the tea from !hina$ !hina$ the *ast ndia ndia !om+any gre/ gre/ o+ium in ndia ndia and sold it 'hea+er in !hina. After a !hinese attem+t to sto+ this /ar /as de'lared y the 3ritish and !hinese that at the end the =+ium War roe out.
Terms: 1. ertile ertile !res'ent: !res'ent: #Pg. 11$ 11$ 1%$ &'( )egion )egion that stret'hes stret'hes from modern modern day day *gy+t$ u+ to the ,editerranean 'oast to the southeast 'orner of urey and do/n to the order et/een ra and ran. 3eer /as dis'o4ered and its 'onsum+tion had e'ome so'ially and ritually im+ortant during the eolithi' +eriod from the sur+lus of grain. he ertile !res'ent is signi'ant e'ause sin'e it had the est 'limati' 'onditions from grain 'ulti4ations$ 'ulti4ations$ that /as /here farming egin$ /here the earliest 'i4ili7ation arose$ /here /riting rst emerge$ and /here eer /as most aundant. 2. !hi'ha: #Pg.1'( #Pg.1'( An n'a eer o8ered o8ered to the rising sun sun in a golden 'u+ 'u+ as an o8ering to the gods of the *arth. 3eer /as a gift from the gods or a logi'al thing to +resent as a religious o8ering so it /as used in religious 'eremonies$ agri'ultural agri'ultural fertility rites$ and funerals y Sumerians and *gy+tians. he !hi'ha /as signi'ant e'ause it ser4ed as an e9am+le of a religious 'ommon eer-drining 'ulture /hether in the Ameri'as$ Afri'a$ or *urasia. &. Storehouses: Storehouses: #Pg.22$2&$&1( #Pg.22$2&$&1( *laorated and 'ommunal 'ommunal tem+le or 7iggurats$ uilt on raised$ ste++ed +latforms /here 4aluale items /ere e+t in'luding sa'red oe'ts and stores of sur+lus food. 3a++ir or read eer /as used y ,eso+otamian re/ers re/ers to 'ontrol the taste and 'olor of the eer as for the unlea4ened read 'ould e store for years. Storehouses /ere signi'ant e'ause as it ser4ed as a /ay to store ra/ material for maing eer and as for food as ritual and religious a'ti4ity in /hi'h the gods /ere 'alled to ensure good har4est. ;.
eer /as one of the things that distinguished distinguished them from sa4ages and made them humans. he *+i' of Gilgamesh /as signi'ant e'ause %. ?iggurat: #Pg.&1( #Pg.&1( *laorated *laorated tem+les tem+les uilt uilt on raised and and stee+ed stee+ed +latforms. +latforms. 3e'ause of the in4ention of /riting to re'ord the 'olle'tion of grain$ eer$ read$ and other goods this elaorated system ga4e the tem+le dire't 'ontrol o4er mu'h of the e'onomy. ?iggurats /ere signi'ant e'ause they /ere the ey of rising the un+redi'tale nature of the ,eso+otamian en4ironment. @. ,eso+otamian 'ity-states: ,eso+otamia had many im+ortant im+ortant and large histori'ally 'ities su'h as
main role in the ri4al 'reed of !hristianity also +redis+osed ,uslims against it. t /as signi'ant e'ause it /as one of the turning +oints in /orld history /hi'h mared the high-/ater mar of Aras inDuen'e in *uro+e. 15. !harles !harles ,artel #Pg.@@( ,ost !harismati' of the +rin'es of the ranish Bingdom /ho defeated the ,uslims in the 3attle of ours$ allo/ing !hristianity to sur4i4e e9'e+t of Ara. t /as signi'ant e'ause it hel+ the 'ountry from eing inDuen'e to Aras 'ulture and thining /hi'h made it /hat it is today. 16.!ordoa 16. !ordoa #Pg.'&-';( Fhe e/el of the /orld !a+ital of Ara Andalusia in /hat is no/ southern S+ain and /as one of the est 'enters of learning /ithin the Ara /orld$ ran'e$ Asia and ndia. he S'holars from their /ith other oined for'es and among their a'hie4ements they +o+ulari7ed a te'hniue that rose the ne/ rage of drins 'alled distillation. distillation. t /as signi'ant e'ause it e'ame one of the as+e'ts of the an'ient /isdom that /as +reser4ed and e9tended y Ara s'holars and translated from Arai' into Iatin hel+ed re4i4e the s+irit of learning in Western *uro+e. 1%.Aua 4itae #Pg.'@-101( Water of Iife - Aua 4itae seemed su+ernatural$ and in a sense it /as$ for distilled /ine has a far higher al'ohol 'ontent than any drin that 'an e +rodu'ed y natural fermentation. Also de'lared y Jan element ne/ly re4ealed to men ut hid from antiuity$ e'ause e'ause the human ra'e /as then too young to need this e4erage destined to re4i4e the energies of modern de're+itude.J# elie4ed it 'ould +reser4e youth im+ro4e memory treat diseases of the rain$ ner4es and oints re4i4e the heart 'alm tootha'he 'ure lindness$ s+ee'h defe'ts$ and +aralysis and e4en +rote't against the +lague( 1@.CasheeKi7y 1@. CasheeKi7y #Pg.105( Al'ohol mostly used as a gift efore eginning negotiations /ith Afri'an traders. Afri'ans in di8erent regions dran al'oholi' drins lie +lain /ine or eer ut it im+orted from *uro+e /as in the /ord of one trader. CasheeKi7y /as signi'ant e'ause drining im+orted al'ohol e'ame a mar of distin'tion among Afri'an sla4es and the ey of negotiations /ith Afri'an traders. 1'.1%%& 1'. 1%%& ,olasses A't #Pg.11%-11'( A't of 3rittan that im+osed ta9 on im+orts of molasses from non-3ritish 'olonies. What all started this /as rum e'ause it +lay a great role in relation /ith the Ameri'an )e4olution. A 'ountries argued o4er the A't +assed y 3ritain /hi'h made it diL'ult for other 'ountries nan'ially to im+ort rum. 20.Sugar 20. Sugar A't #Pg.( A't +assed y 3ritain in 1%6; /hi'h allo/ed the im+orts of other 'olonies molasses of si9 +en'e for gallon to three in order for +eo+le not to ring it illegally. Also /as related to rum after the ,olasses A't this a't /as signi'ant ust as many other a'ts /ere +assed /hi'h rought to the outrea of the )e4olutionary /ar. 21.Su slam #Pg.1&%( as /ith the legends asso'iated /ith the dis'o4ery of eer$ these tales may 'ontain a grain of truth$ for the 'ustom of drining 'o8ee seems to ha4e rst e'ome +o+ular in Memen in the mid-fteenth 'entury. While 'o8ee erries may ha4e een 'he/ed for their in4igorating e8e'ts
efore this date$ the +ra'ti'e of maing them into a drin seems to e a Memeni Memeni inno4ation$ inno4ation$ often attriuted attriuted to ,uhammad ,uhammad al-Chahani$ a s'holar and and a memer of the mysti'al Su order of slam$ /ho died around 1;%0. 22.Cut'h *ast ndia !o. #Pg.1;6-1;%( n the 16'0s 'o8ee +lantations /ere estalished y Here at 3ata4ia in Na4a$ an island 'olony in /hat is no/ ndonesia. Na4a 'o8ee later /as ale to e shi++ed dire'tly to )otterdam and it granted the Cut'h 'ontrol of the 'o8ee maret. Araian 'o8ee /as unale to 'om+ete on +ri'e e4en though 'onnoisseurs thought its Da4or /as su+erior. t /as signi'ant e'ause the Cut'h had demonstrated that 'o8ee 'an gro/ in a similar 'limate of sugar /hi'h suggested sho/ed that it 'an gro/ as /ell in the West ndies as it did in the *ast ndies 2&.Prin'i+ia #Pg.161( ,athemati'al +rin'i+les of natural +hiloso+hy. With this idea e/ton +ro4ided a ne/ foundation for the +hysi'al s'ien'es to re+la'e dis'redited theories of the Gree and for his dis'ussion he used 'o8eehouses. 2;.Wealth of ations #Pg.165( inan'ial inan'ial eui4alent to Prin'i+ia /ritten y the S'ottish e'onomist Adam smith. t des'ried and 'ham+ioned the emerging do'trine of laisse7-faire 'a+italism a'ording to /hi'h the est /ay for go4ernment to en'ourage trade /as to lea4e +eo+le to their o/n 'hoi'es. Iondon 'o8eehouses /ere a ey to the s'ienti' and nan'ial re4olution that sha+ed the modern /orld. 25.Ooltaire #Pg.16616@( Philoso+her and satirist /ho e9tended the ne/ rationalism into so'ial and +oliti'al s+heres. =8ended a nole man and /ent to +rison and then /rote a oo /as anned e'ause he 'om+ared ren'h system of go4ernment to the *nglish. He also had a fa4orite tale and 'hair at the Pro'o+e and a re+utation for drining do7ens of 'u+s of 'o8ee. n 'o8eehouses /ere lled /ith go4ernment s+ies so they had to e 'areful to tal. 26.*n'y'lo+edi'Kdia : #Pg.165--16%( 'ame to e seen as the deniti4e summary of *nlightenment thining. t +romoted a rational$ se'ular 4ie/ of the /orld founded on s'ienti' determinism$ determinism$ denoun'ed e'lesiasti'al and legal auses of +o/er$ and infuriated the religious authorities$ /ho su'essfully loied for it$ too$ to e anned. As in Iondon$ the 'o8eehouses of Paris /ere meeting +la'es for intelle'tuals and e'ame 'enters of *nlightenment thought. thought. Ciderot a'tually 'om+iled the *n'y'lo+edi' in a Paris 'o8eehouse$ the !afe de la )egen'e$ /hi'h he used as his oL'e. 2%.!hangan 2%. !hangan : #Pg.1%'( !a+ital of !hina #61@-'0% !*( modern Qian>s$ /as the greatest metro+olis on *arth and /as home to around t/o million +eo+le. t /as one of the +la'es /ere tea s+read in !hina and e'ame the national e4erage during ang Cynasty or the golden age in !hinese History. !ity /as a 'ultural magnet and /as +arti'ularly o+en to outside inDuen'ed. 2@. Iu Iu Mu #Pg.1@0-1@1( !elerated aoist Poet /hi'h made teas +o+ularity in'rease due to his oo he !lassi' of ea. He des'ried the merits of the 4arious inds of lea4es$ sort of /ater to use and numered the oiling ste+s.
ransfor ransformed med tea from a mere thirst-uen'hing thirst-uen'hing drin to a symol symol of 'ulture 'ulture and so+histi'ation. 2'. !elestial !elestial *m+ire #+g.1@;1@%( Way !hinese regarded their 'ountry as and /as assumed to e lo'ated at the 'enter of the uni4erse. o one 'ould 'om+ete /ith its 'ultural and intelle'tual a'hie4ements until later in 16&0>s tea rea'hed ran'e$ and *ngland in 1650>s .his inDuen'e other *uro+ean 'ountries to lie the tea /hi'h ultimately 3ritain /as the one to emerge as the most tea-lo4ing *uro+ean *uro+ean nation /ith momentous histori'al 'onseuen'es. &0.)i'hard Ar/right #Pg.( A 3ritish in4entor that egan the 'onstru'tion of a large uilding at !romford in Ceryshire. n 1%6% he egan de4elo+ing a s+inning frame and y 1%6@ his rst s+inning mill. ts su'ess made him a +i4otal gure in the re4olution that turned 3ritain into the /orldEs rst industriali7ed industriali7ed nation. he +o+ularity of tea also stimulated 'ommer'e y oosting the demand for 'ro'ery and ringing into eing a Dourishing ne/ industry. =/nershi+ of a ne tea ser4i'e /as of great so'ial im+ortan'e for ri'h and +oor alie. &1. ea ea A't of 1%%& #Pg.12020;( Passed y 3ritain that ga4e them 'ontrol on tea sales on the Ameri'an 'olonies and ta9es. ta9es. As said on the name tea /as the ey of this a't e'ause it /as asso'iated /ith the start of the re4olution. An im+ortant e4ent a'ording to the start /ould e the three shi+load of tea that /ere dum+ed into the 3oston Haror to +rotest to the ne/ ta9 rules. &2.Iin &2. Iin 7e-Su #Pg.210-211( !ommissioned that /as send y the !hinese em+eror to sto+ the trade of im+orts of tea and other on'e and for all ut sin'e he /as ignored he de'ided to tae a'tion. Son Iins men set re to the sto's of o+ium$ urning an entire year of su++ly. He /as treated so he arrested !hinese and 3ritish and after a 3ritish murder a !hinese and many other e4ents ha++ened /ar /as de'lared. he =+ium War #1@&'-;2(. &&.ndian ,utiny #Pg.21'( a /ides+read u+rising against 'om+any rule that /as triggered y the re4olt of the 3engal army in 1@5% /hi'h +rom+ted the 3ritish go4ernment to tae dire't 'ontrol of ndia. he rise of ndian>s tea industry ga4e a de4astating im+a't at sho/ed elo/ /hi'h des'ended into a 'haoti' +eriod of reellions and resolutions.
Reading Questions: Beer: 1. Ho/ is the the dis'o4ery of eer lined to the gro/th gro/th of the the rst 'i4ili7ationsR 'i4ili7ationsR #Pg. 10 21( =n'e eer /as dis'o4ered it e'ame so'ially and ritually im+ortant to hunter-gatherers e'ause in order to ensure the aility of grains and another resour'e so they 'hanged into farming. 3eer /as the maeu+ of the food that /as de'reasing or not a4ailale$ also /as a form of safe liuid food$ and e'ame 'entral to so'ial$ religious$ and nomadi' life and /as the sta+le
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e4erage. he drin that rst hel+ed humanity along the +ath to the modern /orld. What is the 'onne'tion 'onne'tion et/een et/een the dis'o4ery of eer and the eolithi' )e4olution #eginnings of agri'ulture(R #Pg.21( 3eer drining /ould ha4e assisted the transition to farming in a more sutle /ay. 3e'ause long-term storage of eer /as diL'ult and 'om+lete fermentation too too long most eer /ould ha4e een drun mu'h more /hile still fermenting. fermenting. Ho/ did ,eso+otamian geogra+hy sha+e its its +eo+le +eo+le 4ie/ of the godsR #Pg.1@#Pg.1@1'( o eolithi' driner>s eerEs aility to into9i'ate and indu'e a state of altered 'ons'iousness seemed magi'al. Also did the mysterious +ro'ess of fermentation$ /hi'h transformed ordinary gruel into eer. he o4ious 'on'lusion /as that eer /as a gift from the gods a'ordingly$ many 'ultures ha4e myths that e9+lain ho/ the gods in4ented eer and then sho/ed humanind ho/ to mae it. Ho/ did eer 'i4ili7e 'i4ili7e man$ a'ording a'ording to StandageR #3eginning( He thought thought that it really did 'hange the /orld$ he had the gra'e to tae oth the title and the story in a ne/ dire'tion and 'i4ili7ed man y 'hanging into the farming mode. 3eer also started a di8erent ne/ style of life to men and their en4ironment. Ho/ did the *gy+tian *gy+tian attitude attitude to/ard to/ard eer di8er from from that of ,eso+otamiaR ,eso+otamiaR #Pg.2@-2'( *gy+t 'redits eer /ith sa4ing humanind from destru'tion. )a the god of the sun +re+ared a 4ast of amount of eer so that +eo+le /ould ee+ on /orshi+ him. =n the 'ontra'ts ,eso+otamia rela9ed attitude to/ards into9i'ation ho/e4er a strong disa++ro4al of drunenness /as e9+ressed in the +ra'ti'e te9ts. Who uilt uilt the an'ient +yramids of *gy+t and ho/ /ere they +aidR +aidR What enet did the +yramids and their 'onstru'tion ring to *gy+tian so'ietyR #Pg.&6-&%( Pyramids /ere uilt y state em+loyees and army sla4es /ho /ere +aid in eer that /as a ration for a laor /as three or four loa4es of read and t/o ugs 'ontaining 'ontaining aout four four liters. he he enet of the +yramids +yramids and their their 'onstru'tion e'ause it uilt a sense of national unity$ demonstrated /ealth and +o/er of the state and +ro4ided a usti'ation for ta9ation also religious usage.
Wine: 1. Ho/ did the the de4elo+ment of large large states and and em+ires em+ires +romote +romote /ine as a drin of 'hoi'eR#Pg.;&;;( With the great feast for the +o+ulated ne/ 'a+ital
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%.
Ashurnasinal$ the ne/ ing rought many food as /ell as /ine lie no one 'ould ha4e imagine in ,eso+otamia. his is the 'ause of a +romotion of /ine. What role role did the Gree Gree geogra+hy geogra+hy +lay in its e'onomi' de4elo+ment de4elo+ment and and tradeR#Pg.;%( 3e'ause Gree'e /as surrounded y odies of /ater it /as great for them for trading gods /ith other 'ountries. he o'ean /as a great /ay of trans+ortation that in'reased their e'onomy. Ho/ /as /ine used y Grees Grees and ho/ ho/ did it de4elo+ into a symol of of statusR #Pg.;5;6( 3e'ause it /as more e9+ensi4e to trans+ort than eer meaning only the elite 'ould a8ord to drin it and its main use /as religious its s'ar'ity and high +ri'e made it /orthy for 'onsum+tion y the gods. What /as PlatoEs 4ie/ 4ie/ of demo'ra'yR Ho/ did PlatoEs sym+osium sym+osium di8er di8er from from othersR #Pg.62( Plato elie4ed that /ine +ro4ided a good /ay to test a man>s 'hara'ter and a'ording to demo'ra'y he thought +eo+le /ere not 'a+ale enough to mae their o/n de'isions. An e9am+le /ould e Plato>s sym+osium in /hi'h he dis'usses the sue't of lo4e and drining /ine until falling aslee+. Ho/ /as /ine im+ortant im+ortant in the transmission of Gree Gree 'ulture 'ulture throughout throughout the ,editerranean ,editerranean and AsiaR #Pg.;@( n the eastern ,editerranean ,editerranean 4ines 4ines /ere 'ulti4ated and /ere introdu'ed rather than al/ays een +resent and /as a'no/ledge later on Gree myths. !om+ !om+ar are e the the )om )oman an convivium to the Gree sym+osium. #Pg.%%-%@( he 'aliration 'aliration of /ine /ith /ith status that that driners driners at a )oman )oman anuet$ or 'on4i4ium$ /ould e ser4ed di8erent /ines de+ending on their +ositions in so'iety. his /as ust one of the many /ays in /hi'h the 'on4i4ium di8ered from its Gree +rototy+e$ the sym+osion. Where the sym+osion /as$ at least in theory$ a forum in /hi'h the +arti'i+ants dran as euals from a shared rater$ +ursuing +leasure and +erha+s +hiloso+hi'al enlightenment$ the 'on4i4ium /as an o++ortunity to em+hasi7e so'ial di4isions$ not to set them aside in a tem+orary al'oholi' ha7e. !om+are the a'e+tan'e a'e+tan'e of /ine /ine in !hristianity !hristianity to the slami' 4ie/ of s+iritsR s+iritsR #Pg.@;-@@( Another fa'tor in maintaining the /ine-drining 'ulture /as its 'lose asso'iation /ith !hristianity$ !hristianity$ the rise of /hi'h during the rst millennium ele4ated /ine to a +osition of utmost symoli' signi'an'e. !hristian 'hur'hEs need for 'ommunion /ine +layed an im+ortant role in ee+ing /ine +rodu'tion going during the dar ages after the fall of )ome. With the rise of slam$ +o/er shifted a/ay from the +eo+les of the ,editerranean 'oast and to/ard the desert tries of Araia. hese tries e9+ressed their su+eriority o4er the +re4ious elites y re+la'ing re+la'ing /heeled 4ehi'les /ith 'amels$ 'hairs and tales /ith 'ushions$ and y anning the 'onsum+tion of /ine$ that most +otent symol of so+histi'ation so+histi'ation
S+irits: 1. What is is the origin of distilled distilled s+iritsR #Pg. ';$'5( ';$'5( he distilled distilled s+irits /ere originally 'reated y one of the a'hie4ements s'holars 'reated and then it /as im+ro4ed y Ara s'ientist distilled /ine and other sustan'es for use in their e9+eriments or as medi'ine. 2. *9+lain the 'onne'tion et/een s+irits$ s+irits$ sla4es$ sla4es$ and sugar sugar.. #Pg.101-10;( #Pg.101-10;( he emerge of the ne/ distilled drins ha++ened ust as *uro+ean e9+lores /ere rst o+ening u+ the /orlds sea routes and this +ro'ess 'oloni7ation /as dis'o4ered .With Aras ne/ te'hnology or distilled s+irits e'ame useful e'ause it /as more 'om+a't and less liely to s+oil than other al'oholi' drins .Also many of the ne/ 'olonies gre/ 'ane sugars and /ith that it /ould also e ale to distilled it to mae al'ohol. And a'ording to sla4e Afri'an traders /ho sold sla4es /ere +aid y s+irits. &. Why did s+irits e'ome an im+ortant sta+le in 'olonial Ameri'aR #Pg.112-115( #Pg.112-115( *nglish ho+ed that /hen the Ameri'an 'olonies /ere estalished /ould e ale to su++ly ut it turn out that there /as no resour'e of al'ohol and the only thing left they had /as /ater. So e'ause the im+ort of eer of eer /as diL'ult the settlers tried to mae their o/n. After then the dis'o4ery of rum it them e'ame the fa4orite drin e'ause later e'ame 'hea+. ;. What role role did rum +lay +lay in the Ameri'an Ameri'an )e4olutionR )e4olutionR #Pg.116-11'( e/ *ngland distillers started im+orting molasses from the ren'h sin'e it had anned the manufa'ture if rum and /as at a lo/ +ri'e ut the 3ritish /eren>t ha++y. hey 'alled for go4ernment inter4ention and the ,olasses A't /as +assed or the ta9 of molasses /hi'h rought rought u+ the 'ost of rum and many /ere angry. his set an e9am+le for the reaing of 3ritish ta9 a'ts. 5. Why did /hisey /hisey su++lant rum in the the /estern /estern 'olonial regions of Ameri'aR #Pg.121( =ne reason /as that many of the settlers /ere of S'ot'h-rish origin and e9+erien'ed grain distilling. And it 'ould e made of almost any/here and did not de+end on im+orted ingredients that 'ould e ta9ed or lo'aded. 6. What /ere /ere the 'auses 'auses and and e8e'ts e8e'ts of the Whis Whisey ey )eell )eellionR ionR
!o8ee: 1. Ho/ did Aras Aras 'ome 'ome to dominate dominate the 'o8ee 'o8ee industryR industryR #Pg.1;6 #Pg.1;6(( !o8ee /as /as shi++ed$ on o'asion$ dire'tly from ,o'ha y the Cut'h. 3ut as 'o8eeEs +o+ularity gre/$ *uro+ean 'ountries egan to /orry aout their de+enden'y on this foreign +rodu't and set aout estalishing their o/n su++lies. he
2.
&.
;.
5.
6.
Aras understandaly understandaly did e4erything they 'ould to +rote't their 'ontrol of 'o8ee. !o8ee eans /ere treated efore eing shi++ed to ensure they /ere sterile and 'ould not e used to seed ne/ 'o8ee +lants foreigners /ere e9'luded from 'o8ee +rodu'ing areas. Why did 'o8ee 'ome to e +referr +referred ed o4er o4er al'oholi' al'oholi' e4eragesR !o8ee maes maes the driner more alert and more +rodu'ti4e. t shar+ens the mind and fo'uses the driner and al'ohol does the o++osite. Why /as it im+ortant im+ortant to *uro+eEs *uro+eEs de4elo+ment that many *uro+eans *uro+eans 'hose 'hose 'o8ee o4er al'ohol as their fa4ored e4erage of 'onsum+tionR !o8ee s+read ui'ly throughout *uro+e and it +ro4ed to e mu'h 'hea+er than the ingredients for al'ohol. Ho/ did 'o8ee +lay +lay a +i4otal +i4otal role role in the s'ienti' s'ienti' re4olutionR re4olutionR #Pg.151-165( !o8ee houses e'ame a /ay of 'ommuni'ating in an informal intelle'tual intelle'tual 'on4ersation. At 'o8ee houses s'ientists 'ould dis'uss and re'ei4ed feeda' on ideas. Ie'tures /ere also sometimes held at 'o8ee houses. Ho/ did 'o8ee 'o8ee +lay a +i4otal +i4otal role in the nan'ial nan'ial re4olu re4olution tionR R #Pg.165( #Pg.165( Starting rst /ith the sto's that /ere traded in the royal e9'hange ut the go4ernment +assed la/s +la'ing limits on the trades. Some to +rotest /ent to neary 'o8ee houses /hi'h led to the 'reation of the Iondon Sto' *9'hange. Ho/ did 'o8ee 'o8ee +lay a +i4otal role role in the *nlightenment *nlightenment and the the ren'h ren'h )e4olutionR #Pg.1%0-1%1(
!o8ee houses e'ame meeting 'enters for +eo+le to reunite. he ren'h go4ernment lo'ed the media and for'ed harsh restri'tions on the +eo+le. !o8ee houses /ere one of the fe/ +la'es /here +eo+le 'ould freely dis'uss trends and to+i's. As the nan'ial 'risis /orsened many re4olutionary s+eaers started to s+ea at 'o8ee houses to others. After a failed 'on4ention a la/yer su'essfully gathered a 'ro/d to arms$ and started the re4olution.
ea: ea: 1. Ho/ did tea tea transform transform !hinese so'ietyR #Pg.1@0-1@@( #Pg.1@0-1@@( /ith /ith the hel+ of Iu Mu Mu teas +o+ularity /as ale to e9+and and mae other 'ountries to trade /ith 'hina. t ga4e them the aility to trade ut also to transform the tea drin to a symol of 'ulture and so+histi'ation. Ied to the tradition of +resenting s+e'ial triute teas to the em+eror e4ery day. 2. What /ere /ere !hinaEs maor e9+orts during during the ang CynastyR #Pg.1%'( #Pg.1%'( !hina e9+orted sil$ tea$ +a+er$ and 'erami's in return. Amid this di4erse$ dynami'$ and 'osmo+olitan atmos+here$ !hinese s'ul+ture$ +ainting$ and +oetry Dourished. he +ros+erity of the +eriod and the surge in +o+ulation /ere hel+ed along y the /ides+read ado+tion of the 'ustom of drining tea
&. What t/o fa'tors made made tea a +o+ular +o+ular drin drin in *nglandR *nglandR ea /as mostly mostly 'onsume y im+ortant men at tea +arties and gardens. Also as a ne/ +rodu't from o4erseas rought rought my men gi4ing them the status. ;. Ho/ /as tea an integral integral +art +art of the ndustrial ndustrial )e4olutionR )e4olutionR #Pg.1'@-202( #Pg.1'@-202( ea /as the ideal drin for the fa'tory /or and it 'ontained 'a8eine$ /hi'h e+t the driner alert. Also it had antiioti' +ro+erties /hi'h redu'ed /aterorne disease and infant mortality. With the hel+ of )i'ard Ar/right for in4enting a s+inning mill and many other for tea +rodu'tions maing it easier to e9+ort. 5. What /as the 'onne'tion 'onne'tion et/een et/een tea and +oliti'sR +oliti'sR #Pg.1@%( #Pg.1@%( he 3ritish *ast ndia !om+any$ /hi'h /as a maor su++lier of tea$ used its /ealth and +o/er to loy for ne/ go4ernment +oli'y 6. What role role did the the 3ritish *ast ndia ndia !om+any +lay +lay in /orld /orld historyR historyR #Pg.1'2( When the 'om+any estalished trading +ost in !hina in the early 1@ th 'entury and egan dire't im+orts of tea and 4olumes in'reased and +ri'es fall /hi'h made tea a4ailale to a /ider +uli'. As result 'ontrol of the tea trade from other *uro+ean 'ountries /ere anned and at the end many 'ountries illegally mo4ed it in the 'ountry /hi'h turn into many /ars. At the end the Cut'h stood et/een 3ritain and too total dominan'e of the *ast ndies trade. %. Ho/ /as tea tea 'onne'ted 'onne'ted to the o+ium$ o+ium$ trade trade and the =+ium =+ium /ar of 1@&'1@&'1@;2R #Pg.211( o o +ay for the tea from !hina$ !hina$ the *ast ndia ndia !om+any gre/ gre/ o+ium in ndia ndia and sold it 'hea+er in !hina. After a !hinese attem+t to sto+ this /ar /as de'lared y the 3ritish and !hinese that at the end the =+ium War roe out.
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